L4M2 Practice CIPS Verified Answers - Pass Your Exams For Sure! [2025]
Valid Way To Pass CIPS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply's L4M2 Exam
CIPS L4M2 (Defining Business Needs) exam is an essential certification for procurement professionals who want to develop their skills in identifying and defining the needs of their organization. L4M2 exam is designed to help professionals understand the importance of defining business needs and how to effectively gather and analyze data to develop appropriate strategies that meet those needs.
CIPS L4M2 (Defining Business Needs) Certification Exam is recognized globally and is highly regarded by organizations across the world. Successful completion of the exam demonstrates the candidate's proficiency in business analysis and is a testament to their commitment to professional development. Defining Business Needs certification is also a valuable asset for organizations, as it helps them to identify professionals who possess the necessary skills and competencies to effectively define business needs and manage complex projects.
NEW QUESTION # 115
When preparing through-life specification, which of the following requirements should procure-ment team define besides the physical asset? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Logistics and installation
- B. Market analysis
- C. Objectives
- D. Customer service
- E. Available substitute
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
With through-life management, buyer not only cares about the physical asset but also other factors like customer services and maintenance.
NEW QUESTION # 116
The buyer's database is regarded as a primary data source. Which of the following is also a source of primary data?
- A. Published economic indices such as the retail price index (RPI)
- B. Price lists collected from suppliers' representatives at trade fairs
- C. Price listings on comparison websites and market exchanges
- D. Financial and trade press, including journals published by professional bodies
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 117
Which of the following sources of information are considered as primary data? Select TWO that apply.
- A. The collection of data from surveying customers
- B. Commercial publishers of market reports
- C. Reports in business magazines
- D. The information about specific market sectors from trade associations
- E. RFI
Answer: A,E
Explanation:
The aim of this question is to check students' understanding of different types of data. There are 2 types of data:
- Primary data is the collection of original or raw data which are generated from field research. In this case, only RFI and surveys from customers are considered as primary data.
- On the other hand, secondary data is public information that has been collected by others. It is typically free or inexpensive to obtain and can act as a strong foundation to any research project - provided you know where to find it and how to judge its worth and relevance. Examples of secondary data are government statistics, industry associations, trade publications, published market reports, etc.
NEW QUESTION # 118
Rachel has issued a specification for spare parts out to global suppliers. Rachel has asked for these parts to carry a standard from the International Organisation for Standardisation. Is Rachel right to do this?
- A. Yes, as it is an appropriate and recognised standard
- B. No, as these standards don't apply to spare parts
- C. No, as this standard will not be recognised outside of the UK
- D. Yes, as spare parts are the only things these standards apply to
Answer: A
Explanation:
Detailed Explanation:ISO standards are internationally recognised benchmarks that ensure quality and safety, making them applicable across various industries, including spare parts procurement. This approach improves reliability and supplier compliance. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Standardisation in Procurement.
NEW QUESTION # 119
When a procurement manager considers a substitution, the number and nature of additional func-tions that substitute provides should be taken into account carefully. Which of the following ratio could help the procurement manager to make the right decision?
- A. Price to book value ratio
- B. Value to price ratio
- C. Reserve requirement ratio
- D. Price to Earnings ratio
Answer: B
Explanation:
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer's propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently. The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company's market value to its book value. The market value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country's central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 120
Which of the following provides in-depth detail for both functional and non-functional require-ments and covers assumptions, constraints, performance, dimensions, weights and reliability of a product?
- A. Tolerance
- B. Performance specification
- C. Design specification
- D. Statement of work
Answer: C
Explanation:
Design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
Performance specification is written requirement that describes the functional performance criteria required for a particular equipment, material, or product.
Tolerance is the permissable limit of a variable used to define a product Statement of work is the document that captures and defines all aspects of a project, including the activities, deliverables and the timetable for the project.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 121
A company has a lists of items that make up 15% of total spend. These items also do not largely impact on quality of final product. The supply continuity is secured. Which of the following will be the most appropriate managing approach to purchase these items?
- A. Drive down cost based on market competition
- B. Simplify procurement process
- C. Enhance supply continuity
- D. Build partnership with suppliers
Answer: B
Explanation:
Those items make up small portion of spend and the supply risk is low. So it is tactical item according to Kraljic portfolio matrix. Procurement should bundle these items into larger contracts, simplify procurement process.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 122
Apple's CPO is planning a budget for purchasing carbon-free aluminium next year. There are 27.4 tonnes of aluminum in stock, while Apple will need 200 tonnes for production next year and double inventory for production in the following year. How much aluminum will Apple need to purchase in next year?
- A. 282.2 tonnes
- B. 227.4 tonnes
- C. 172.6 tonnes
- D. 117.8 tonnes
Answer: B
Explanation:
The quantity of aluminium Apple needs to buy is calculated as follows:
Quantity needed for production + the inventory needed at the end of the year - inventory at start of the year That formula is quantified as: 200 + 54.8 - 27.4 = 227.4 Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
NEW QUESTION # 123
Which of the following can cause overhead variance? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Rising production worker's wage rate per hour
- B. Decrease in production volume
- C. Decreasing packaging costs
- D. Spike in material price
- E. Spike in monthly leasing fee
Answer: B,E
Explanation:
Overhead variances arise when the actual overhead costs incurred differ from the expected amounts. Managers want to understand the reasons for these differences, and so should consider computing one or more of the overhead variances described below. Each of these variances applies to a different aspect of overhead expenditures. It is not necessary to calculate these variances when a manager cannot influence their outcome.
Fixed Overhead Spending Variance
The fixed overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual fixed overhead expense incurred and the budgeted fixed overhead expense. An unfavorable variance means that actual fixed overhead expenses were greater than anticipated. The formula for this variance is:
Actual fixed overhead - Budgeted fixed overhead = Fixed overhead spending variance The amount of expense related to fixed overhead should (as the name implies) be relatively fixed, and so the fixed overhead spending variance should not theoretically vary much from the budget.
Fixed Overhead Volume Variance
The fixed overhead volume variance is the difference between the amount of fixed overhead actually applied to produced goods based on production volume, and the amount that was budgeted to be applied to produced goods. For example, a company budgets for the allocation of $25,000 of fixed overhead costs to produced goods at the rate of $50 per unit produced, with the expectation that 500 units will be produced. However, the actual number of units produced is 600, so a total of $30,000 of fixed overhead costs are allocated. This creates a fixed overhead volume variance of $5,000.
Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance
The variable overhead efficiency variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted hours worked, which are then applied to the standard variable overhead rate per hour. The formula is:
Standard overhead rate x (Actual hours - Standard hours)
= Variable overhead efficiency variance
A favorable variance means that the actual hours worked were less than the budgeted hours, resulting in the application of the standard overhead rate across fewer hours, resulting in less expense being incurred. However, a favorable variance does not necessarily mean that a company has incurred less actual overhead, it simply means that there was an improvement in the allocation base what was used to apply overhead.
Variable Overhead Spending Variance
The variable overhead spending variance is the difference between the actual and budgeted rates of spending on variable overhead. The variance is used to focus attention on those overhead costs that vary from expectations. The formula is:
Actual hours worked x (Actual overhead rate - standard overhead rate)
= Variable overhead spending variance
A favorable variance means that the actual variable overhead expenses incurred per labor hour were less than expected.
In the study guide, CIPS splits overhead variance into volume and expenditure variance. They can be understood as variable and fixed overhead variance respectively.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 59
- What are overhead variances? - AccountingTools
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 124
To calculate the estimated annual payback period, a buyer will need to know the estimated annual savings made from implementing the option, and also the estimated costs. Is this statement correct?
- A. No, the calculation will be the estimated total costs multiplied by twelve
- B. Yes, the calculation will be the estimated total costs divided by the estimated annual savings
- C. No, the calculation will be the estimated annual savings multiplied by the rate of inflation
- D. Yes, the calculation will be the estimated annual savings added to the estimated total costs
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 125
Buyers in the same industry with the same understanding of relative value and price may still make different decisions about whether to switch. Which of the following factors may prompt a buying organization to incline toward substitute products?
1. There is potential for backward integration
2. Access to financial resources
3. The switching cost is high
4. The substitute fits organisation's strategy
- A. 1 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 3 and 4 only
- D. 2 and 4 only
Answer: D
Explanation:
The threat of substitution is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Buyers with different circumstances and in different industries do not all have equal propensities to substitute when faced with a comparable economic motivation. Differences in their circumstances lead buyers to respond to a given relative value to price (RVP) and switching cost differently. While such differences might be treated as factors that modify RVP or switching costs, it is more helpful in practice to isolate them.
Resources. Substitution often involves up-front investments of capital and other resources. Access to such resources will differ from one buyer to another.
Risk Profile. Buyers often have very different risk profiles, the result of such things as their past history, age and income, ownership structure, background and orientation of management, and nature of competition in their industry. Buyers prone to risk taking are more likely to substitute than buyers that are risk-averse.
Technological Orientation. Buyers experienced with technological change may be less concerned with some kinds of substitution risks, while extremely aware of others that a less technologically sophisticated buyer would be oblivious to.
Previous Substitutions. The second substitution may be easier for a buyer than the first, unless the first substitution has been a failure. The buyer's uncertainties over undertaking a substitution may have diminished if a past substitution has been successful, or risen if a past substitution has led to difficulties. In the soft drink industry, this seems to have worked to the benefit of aspartame.
Intensity of Rivalry. Buyers under intense competitive pressure and searching for competitive ad-vantage will tend to substitute more quickly to gain a given advantage than those that are not.
Generic Strategy. The RVP of a substitute will have different significance depending on the com-petitive advantage that industrial, commercial, or institutional buyers are seeking or the value of time and particular performance needs of the household buyer. A substitute that offers a cost saving will tend to be of more interest to a cost leader than a differentiator, for example.
Many of these factors that shape the buyer's propensity to substitute will be a function of the particular decision maker who is involved in the purchase decision.
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278-289). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 126
A consulting firm in London had previously had static budgets. They were set once and locked in for the year. This resulted in departments meeting their budgets early and doing virtually nothing the rest of the accounting period. To address this imbalance, the company tossed out the static budget and developed a new one for each department of the next 18 months. And each month, real sales figures are analyzed against the plan and the budget is adjusted accordingly. Then the company adds another month into the budgeting plan. What type of budget this company is using?
- A. Rolling budget
- B. Activity-based budget
- C. Incremental budget
- D. Zero-based budget
Answer: A
Explanation:
A rolling budget is continually updated to add a new budget period as the most recent budget period is completed. Thus, the rolling budget involves the incremental extension of the existing budget model. By doing so, a business always has a budget that extends one year into the future.
Think of continuous (rolling) budgets as waves rolling ashore on the beach. A new wave comes in each time, replacing the one that was there before. From a financial perspective, the wave is your budget, and the time between waves is longer! These reporting time frames can be monthly, quar-terly, yearly, etc.
An incremental budget is a budget prepared using a previous period's budget or actual performance as a basis with incremental amounts added for the new budget period.
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. The process of zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base," and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether each budget is higher or lower than the previous one.
Activity-based budgeting (ABB) is a system that records, researches, and analyzes activities that lead to costs for a company. Every activity in an organization that incurs a cost is scrutinized for potential ways to create efficiencies. Budgets are then developed based on these results.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.4
NEW QUESTION # 127
A procurement manager is requested to source a major component. She needs information on sup-pliers' direct and indirect cost, fixed and variable costs to prepare for negotiations. Therefore, she collects 17 annual reports from potential suppliers who are competing in the same industry. In order to estimate an approximate value of fixed and variable costs in that industry, which of the following technique should be adopted by the procurement manager?
- A. Total cost of ownership
- B. Variance calculation
- C. Line of best fit
- D. Open-book costing
Answer: C
Explanation:
Public annual reports can be a source of information that helps the procurement professional to analyse an industry's cost and revenue using the line of best fit. Line of best fit is one of the most important outputs of regression analysis. Regression refers to a quantitative measure of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable. Regression is of use to professionals in a wide range of fields from science and public service to financial analysis.
In this case, by collecting and analysing 17 annual reports, the procurement manager can find the line of best fit which goes approximately through the middle of the data points with an equal num-ber of data points above and below it.
The slope of the line of best fit is the approximate variable costs the industry. The easiest way to calculate it is to take a point at the right-hand end of the line of best fit and note its cost and output levels. Divide the cost by the output and this gives and approximate figure for the cost per unit of output or variable cost. This gives an approximate value for the industry fixed and variable costs.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3
NEW QUESTION # 128
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
- A. SAMOA
- B. Kano model
- C. Kraljic Portfolio Matrix
- D. Star-burst method
Answer: B
Explanation:
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis.
This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
NEW QUESTION # 129
Which of the following specific markets is most likely to have the lowest entry barrier?
- A. Services
- B. Financial
- C. Agriculture
- D. Retail
- E. Manufacturing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Start-up costs are generally low in service industries, and the main requirement is a level of knowledge and skill in that particular service.
LO 2, AC 2.1
NEW QUESTION # 130
Which of the following are characteristics of effective financial markets?
* Market stability is maintained
* Market volatility is encouraged
* Investment is encouraged
* The level of regulation is reduced
- A. 1 and 2 only
- B. 1 and 3 only
- C. 3 and 4 only
- D. 2 and 4 only
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 131
Sabic is a petrochemical manufacturer. It wants to digitalise its operation and is looking for new IT system.
The procurement manager approaches this matter with a through-life specification. He supposes that stating
"good quality" in the specification will be enough for quality standard section. Is the procurement manager's thought appropriate?
- A. Yes, because IT sector has its own standard of quality, therefore, suppliers may deliver good quality without any further explanation
- B. No, because "good quality" is an in-house jargon that suppliers are not familiar with
- C. Yes, because the specification should be concise.
- D. No, because "good quality" is very ambiguous for suppliers to identify Sabic's re-quirement
Answer: D
Explanation:
Specifications for through-life contracts must be clear. They should use precise technical language and avoid any ambiguity as much as possible. In most cases, 'good quality' is ambiguous. The con-tractor doesn't know exactly which product the buying organisation needs and how to supply that product.
Other notices for description of requirement are:
- Short and simply description
- Clear definitions at the beginning of the documents
- Clarify abbreviations (if any), but abbreviations should be avoided as much as possible
- Avoid any 'slang'
- Use imperative forms of language whenever possible.
LO 3, AC 3.2
NEW QUESTION # 132
Which of the following factors are likely to be direct barriers to a new entrant in a supply market?
- A. Availability of substitutes
- B. Cost advantages
- C. Value to price
- D. Threat of forward integration
- E. Brand identity
Answer: B,E
Explanation:
There are many types of barriers to entry into a market. Some of these include:
- Economies of Scale: When manufacturing or selling at a large scale, companies are able to avail cost advantages because per unit costs of the product fall. So the more the company produces in quantity the more the benefit. When existing companies have this advantage, it can act as a barrier to entry because a new entrant will have to try to match the scale to achieve the same cost ad-vantage as the existing company. This may not be possible at the initial stage.
- A Differentiated Product: If the product being sold by the existing company or companies is highly differentiated or enjoys strong brand loyalty, then this can act as a strong barrier to entry. The new entrant will have to invest in creating a product with newer and unique features and bene-fits that surpass those offered by the old company. In addition, there will need to be strong efforts to break existing brand loyalties and shift them to a new untested company.
- High Capital Costs: If an industry requires huge capital investments at the onset, then this will act as a barrier to entry for many of the potential entrants. Only those will attempt to enter the competitive fray who have the resources to make this high initial investment.
- Other Cost Advantages: Apart from those cost benefits that come from economies of scale, there are other advantages that an existing firm may enjoy. These include access to the best suppliers, an understanding of existing materials and knowledge of their quality, possession of any necessary and important patents, and proprietary information and technological knowledge. There are also learning advantages, achieved over years of business and experience.
- Cost of Switching: The cost associated with a consumer's move from one company or product or another is called the switching cost. If there are significant switching costs, then a new entrant may not be able to create means of removing these. Or, they may have to offer significant advantage to counter these switching costs at their own expense.
- Distribution Network: Often, distribution relationships are well established and may prove to be a strong barrier to entry for a new company. A new entrant will obviously need access to these dis-tribution channels but will need to invest extra in order to engage distributors who have established relations with existing competitors.
- Suppliers: As with distributors, suppliers may be vital to the operations of a new business. Exist-ing suppliers may have contracts or loyalties with existing companies and may prove to be difficult to form relationships with.
- Legal and Government Created Barriers: Government and regulatory requirements such as permits and licenses may be a strong barrier to entry. There may also be laws governing ways to conduct business that may conflict with a company's practices in other countries.
- Barriers to Exit: Interestingly, barriers to exit may act as a deterrent to entry by new companies. If a company is unable to easily leave a competitive environment in case business does not work out, then it will have to stay and compete even if that is a detrimental business practice. In this case, the company may choose to not enter the market in the first place.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
NEW QUESTION # 133
Bob is a new procurement specialist at XYZ Ltd. He is assigned to categorise the company's sup-plies. After analysing, Bob realises that a group of low value products is sourced from a tiny geo-graphical area which is prone to flooding. What would be the best strategy to manage this category of products?
- A. Find an alternative source to secure supply
- B. Form partnership relationship with the current supplier
- C. Assign some of procurement jobs to user department
- D. Source this group of products from only one supplier
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the scenario, the products have low value and high risk of supply. This group is known as bottleneck or critical in Kraljic's portfolio matrix. The objective for such items would be securing the supply. The company can achieve this goal by 'making' the products themselves, or finding an alternative option.
Diagram Description automatically generated
NEW QUESTION # 134
Which of the following are typically reasons why an organisation implements value analysis? Select TWO that apply:
- A. To find cost reduction opportunities by optimising the components used
- B. To decide whether there will be sufficient surplus funds to reinvest in the business
- C. To shape and manage supply market
- D. To provide an outline business case for the specification
- E. To determine the value of each component used
Answer: E
Explanation:
Value analysis is a systematic review of the production, purchasing and product design processes to reduce overall product costs. This can be accomplished through a variety of activities, including the following:
- Designing products to use lower-tolerance parts that are less expensive
- Switching to lower-cost components
- Standardizing parts across product platforms in order to achieve volume discounts
- Altering production processes to minimize the amount of production cycle time, thereby reducing labor costs
- Introducing automation to strip labor costs out of the production process
- Altering product packaging to lower its cost while still protecting the product The process is not a wholesale attack on costs. Costs are only reduced when the result will not im-pact the perceived level of quality experienced by customers, or the level of customer satisfaction.
NEW QUESTION # 135
Which of the following specific markets engage in creation, liquidation and change of ownership of stock?
- A. Financial
- B. Construction
- C. Agriculture
- D. Retail
- E. Manufacturing
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to Investopedia, the financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms includ-ing banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance com-panies. As noted above, the financial services industry is probably the most important sector of the economy, leading the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.
According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients.
This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.
Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advi-sor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.
Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.
NEW QUESTION # 136
In Kano model, which of the following types of requirement should be excluded from the product or service?
- A. Must-be requirements
- B. Reverse requirements
- C. Attractive requirements
- D. Performance requirements
Answer: B
Explanation:
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements (or Must-be requirement). The basic requirements fulfill the basic func-tions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied.
On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements (or One-dimensional requirements). As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level - the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements (or Attractive requirements). These requirements are key to cus-tomer satisfaction. If they are present or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse require-ments bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Diagram Description automatically generated
NEW QUESTION # 137
A procurement organisation is keen to encourage innovation available within the supply market in the execution of an upcoming significant contract opportunity. A team member suggests that the specification should define the performance indicators so that supplier's solution can be checked against them. Which of the following will enable the organisation to achieve this goal?
- A. Establishing transparent selection criteria
- B. Applying a precise performance framework
- C. Using an outcome focused specification
- D. Using an output focused specification
Answer: D
Explanation:
The buying organisation is keen to encourage innovation so they should use the outcome or output based specification. In an outcome-based specification, umbrella statements like 'good quality', 'ambient temperature', 'convenient way' are often used. This may confuse the suppliers, and it's hard to check the solution that supplier offers. On the other hand, ouput-based specifications often include measurable requirements. For example, a specification for air conditioning system states that the system should maintain the room temperature at 19-24 degrees Celsius. Therefore, output specification is more appropriate in this case.
NEW QUESTION # 138
XYZ Ltd is a large supermarket chain which operates mainly in the UK and Europe. Their custom-ers are increasingly concerned about sustainability. Therefore, procurement manager is required to source the products from suppliers who have good environmental performance. Which of the fol-lowing can be an assurance that the supplier has procedures and policies to enhance its environmental performance?
- A. ISO 22716:2007 certificate
- B. ISO 13485:2016 certificate
- C. ISO 9001:2015 certificate
- D. ISO 14001:2015 certificate
Answer: D
Explanation:
ISO 9001:2015 specifies requirements for a quality management system.
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 22716:2007 gives guidelines for the production, control, storage and shipment of cosmetic products. These guidelines cover the quality aspects of the product, but as a whole do not cover safety aspects for the personnel engaged in the plant, nor do they cover aspects of protection of the environment.
ISO 13485:2016 specifies requirements for a quality management system where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet customer and applicable regulatory requirements.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
NEW QUESTION # 139
Synergy Ltd is a fast-growing tool and hardware retailer. The company's customer services team has been using Excel worksheets to manage customer relationships. When the company is expend-ing its market presence, this way of working leads to poorer customer services as the database is scattered around in spreadsheet, leading to patchy and inconsistent conversations with customers. The company decides to purchase a CRM system. What requirement should Synergy's procurement team take into account in the specification for CRM system?
- A. Total number of the supplier's employees
- B. The form and reference number of the purchase order
- C. The ability to import bulk data from Excel spreadsheets
- D. The relative size of the potential suppliers to Synergy
Answer: C
Explanation:
The purpose of this Question:
to actionable requirements before communicating with the suppliers. The scenario suggests that Synergy Ltd's customer services team is using Excel spreadsheets, they lack a centralised customer database. This leads to problems in communications with customers.
A CRM system can solve the communication problem. But a Question: 100
will the previous data be imported? If the CRM system can support bulk import from Excel tables, it will save a lot of time.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 140
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In order to pass the CIPS L4M2 exam, candidates must have a good understanding of the key concepts and principles involved in defining business needs. They must also be familiar with the various techniques used to gather and analyze requirements, as well as the tools and methods used to evaluate and validate requirements. Candidates must also be able to communicate requirements effectively to stakeholders and prioritize them based on their importance. With the right preparation and study, candidates can successfully pass the CIPS L4M2 exam and advance their career in business analysis.
CIPS L4M2 Pre-Exam Practice Tests | NewPassLeader: https://pass4lead.newpassleader.com/CIPS/L4M2-exam-preparation-materials.html